1585-1650: The Golden Age

Amsterdam invents the corporation and the stock exchange.

1650-1800: Conflicts and Interests

The rivalry between Amsterdam and London boils over into open conflict leading to a decisive moment for New York.

1800-1880: The Shock of Modernity

Amsterdam falls behind whereas London and New York push forward with ever more ambitious building projects.

1880-2017: Building Ever Bigger

As the twentieth century dawns London, the world's largest city, expands ever outwards, whilst New York decides to build upwards.